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P
atient
-
reported
measures
of
quality
of
life
and
functional
capacity
in
adhesive
capsulitis
R
ev
A
ssoc
M
ed
B
ras
2017; 63(4):347-354
349
bitartrate 1:200,000 and without the association of cor-
ticosteroids, were used (Figure 4). The interval between
blocks was seven days.
The sociodemographic variables were considered ac-
cording to predetermined categories: age (complete years);
gender (male/female); ethnic group (white/nonwhite);
occupation (employed / unemployed); educational status
(years of formal education); monthly income more or less
than five minimum salaries; and marital status (married/
divorced/single/widowed).
Clinical variables were pain and active range of mo-
tion on Constant’s scale
11
where zero equals severe pain
and 15 equals no pain. Anterior elevation and abduction
were measured using a goniometer. The variables of dom-
inance (right-handed/left-handed), sleep (unaffected/
affected) and side of the affected shoulder (right/left)
were also studied. Zuckerman’s classification
13
was used
to classify the disease and its clinical severity.
The outcome variable was QoL and FC. The evalua-
tion took place before and after treatment with SSNB
using the instruments WHOQOL-BREF (QoL), which
the final score can range from zero to 100 (zero corre-
sponding to the worst QoL and 100 to the best QoL),
5
and DASH (FC), which score range from zero to 100 (the
higher the score, the greater the level of functional dis-
ability).
6
The questionnaires were self-administered.
This study was approved by Dr. Henrique Santillo
Suleide – SES/GO research ethics committee on 6/23/2010
under number 0014.0.177.000-10.
Statistical analysis
Data were recorded on a spreadsheet (Microsoft Office
Excel) and analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social
Sciences (IBM – SPSS 20.0). Quantitative variables were
reported as mean, median and standard deviation.
Chi-square test was used to study associations involv-
ing qualitative variables. After Shapiro-Wilk was con-
ducted to test quantitative variables for normality, Mann-
-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis or the parametric student
t-test and ANOVA were applied.
The internal consistency of the instruments was ana-
lyzed by calculating Cronbach’s alpha. The mean values
found in each domain of the WHOQOL-BREF and DASH
before and after treatment with SSNB were compared by
paired t-test or the Wilcoxon test if the distribution was
not parametric.
Analysis of correlation between the DASH variables
and the WHOQOL domains used the Pearson or Spear-
man correlation depending on the type of distribution
identified. The correlation analysis parameters were: 0.80
< r < 1 = very high; 0.60 < r < 0.80 = high; 0.40 < r < 0.60 =
moderate; 0.20 < r < 0.40 = low; 0 < r < 0.20 = very low.
To determine the influence of the independent vari-
ables on the various WHOQOL domain and DASH scores
both before and after treatment, a multiple linear regres-
sion analysis was performed, considering the WHOQOL
domains and the DASH as the endpoints of each model.
The independent variables that were used were those
presenting significance values at p<0.20 in the univariate
analysis. For statistical tests, the level of significance was
set at 0.05.
R
esults
The total number of study participants was 43. The mean
age was 54.7 years (minimum 40 and maximum 75) and
23 (53.5%) were female. The majority (60.5%) had more
FIGURE 3
Internal rotation limitation of the right shoulder.
FIGURE 4
Suprascapular nerve block and anatomical landmarks.
SS: spine of the scapula; AC: acromion; CL: clavicle.