RAMB - Julho 2016

128 / 139

Manna TD et al.
600 Rev Assoc M ed Bras 2016; 62(6):594-601
tiva de preservação das células beta ainda funcionantes.
Tempo de duração da doença e hiperglicemia são fatores
de risco para a instalação das complicações vasculares
crônicas, que afetam negativamente a qualidade de vida
e a sobrevida desses indivíduos. Torna-se necessária a for-
mação de equipes de saúde preparadas para fornecer a
melhor informação possível em diabetes infantil, através
de programas de educação continuada, com potencial de
capacitar esses jovens e suas famílias para o autocuidado.
Palavras-chave: diabetes mellitus tipo 1, criança, adoles-
cente, epidemiologia, controle metabólico.
References
1. Shaw JE, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZ. Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes
for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010; 87(1):4-14.
2. Whiting DR, Guariguata L, Weil C, Shaw J. IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates
of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract.
2011; 94(3):311-21.
3. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes
mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2013; 36(Suppl.1):S67-74.
4. Narayan KMV, Zhang P, Williams D, Engelgau M, Imperatore G, Kanaya A,
et al. How should developing countries manage diabetes? CMAJ. 2006;
175(7):733-6.
5. American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes.
Diabetes Care. 2016; 39(Suppl. 1):S13-22.
6. Patterson C, Guariguata L, Dahlquist G, Soltész G, Ogle G, Silink M. Diabetes
in the young – a global view and worldwide estimates of numbers of children
with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014; 103(2)161-75.
7. Della Manna T. Not every diabetic child has type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr
(Rio J). 2007; 83(Suppl.5):S178-83.
8. Gale EA. The rise of childhood type 1 diabetes in the 20th century. Diabetes.
2002; 51(12):3353-61.
9. Onkamo P, Väänänen S, Karvonen M, Tuomilehto J. Worldwide increase in
incidence of type I diabetes: the analysis of the data on published incidence
trends. Diabetologia. 1999; 42(12):1395-403.
10. Green A; EURODIAB (EURope and DIABetes). The EURODIAB studies on
childhood diabetes 1988-1999. Diabetologia. 2001; 44(Suppl.3):B1-2.
11. WHO Multinational Project for Childhood Diabetes. WHO DIAMOND
Project Group. Diabetes Care. 1990; 13(10):1062-8.
12. DIAMOND Project Group. Incidence and trends of childhood type 1 diabetes
worldwide 1990-1999. Diabet Med. 2006; 23(8):857-66.
13. Karvonen M, Viik-Kajander M, Moltchanova E, Libman I, LaPorte R,
Tuomilehto J. Incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes worldwide. Diabetes
Mondiale (DiaMond) Project Group. Diabetes Care. 2000; 23(10):1516-26.
14. Weets I, De Leeuw IH, Du CajuMVL, Rooman R, Keymeulen B, Mathieu C, et
al.; BelgianDiabetes Registry. The incidence of type 1 diabetes in the age group
0-39 years has not increased in Antwerp (Belgium) between 1989 and 2000:
evidence for earlier disease manifestation. Diabetes Care. 2002; 25(5):840-6.
15. Feltbower RG, McKinney PA, Parslow RC, Stephenson CR, Bodansky HJ. Type
1 diabetes in Yorkshire UK: time trends in 0-14 and 15-29-year-olds, age at
onset and age-period cohort modelling. Diabet Med. 2003; 20(6):437-41.
16. Dahlquist GG, Nystrom L, Patterson CC; Swedish Childhood Diabetes
Study Group; Diabetes Incidence in Sweden Study Group. Incidence of type
1 diabetes in Sweden among individuals aged 0-34 years, 1983-2007: an
analysis of time trends. Diabetes Care. 2011; 34(8):1754-9.
17. Gillespie KM, Aitken RJ, Wilson I, Williams AJ, Bingley PJ. Early onset of
diabetes in the proband is the major determinant of risk in HLA DR3-DQ2/
DR4-DQ8 siblings. Diabetes. 2014; 63(3):1041-7.
18. Guariguata L, Whiting DR, Hambleton I, Beagley J, Linnenkamp U, Shaw
JE. Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for
2035. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014; 103(2):137-49.
19. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas. Seventh edition, 2015.
Available from:
20. Pettitt DJ, Talton J, Dabelea D, Divers J, Imperatore G, Lawrence JM, et al.;
SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus
in U.S. youth in 2009: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. Diabetes
Care. 2014; 37(2):402-8.
21. Erlich H, Valdes AM, Noble J, Carlson JA, Varney M, Concannon P, et al.;
Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium. HLA DR-DQ haplotypes and
genotypes and type 1 diabetes risk: analysis of the type 1 diabetes genetics
consortium families. Diabetes. 2008; 57(4):1084-92.
22. Redondo MJ, Jeffrey J, Fain PR, Eisenbarth GS, Orban T. Concordance for
islet autoimmunity among monozygotic twins. N Engl J Med. 2008;
359(26):2849-50.
23. Barrett JC, Clayton DG, Concannon P Akolkar B, Cooper JD, Erlich HA, et
al.; Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium. Genome-wide association study
and meta-analysis find that over 40 loci affect risk of type 1 diabetes. Nat
Genet. 2009; 41(6):703-7.
24. Achenbach P, Hummel M, Thumer L, Boerschmann H, Hofelmann D, Ziegler
AG. Characteristics of rapid vs slow progression to type 1 diabetes in multiple
islet autoantibody-positive children. Diabetologia. 2013; 56(7):1615-22.
25. Steck AK, Wong R, Wagner B, Johnson K, Liu E, Romanos J, et al. Effects of
non-HLA gene polymorphisms on development of islet autoimmunity and
type 1 diabetes in a population with high-risk HLA-DR, DQ genotypes.
Diabetes. 2012; 61(3):753-8.
26. Gillespie KM, Gale EA, Bingley PJ. High familial risk and genetic susceptibility
in early-onset childhood diabetes. Diabetes. 2002; 51(1):210-4.
27. Pundziute-Lyckå A, Dahlquist G, Nyström L, Arnqvist H, Björk E, Blohmé
G, et al.; Swedish Childhood Diabetes Study Group. The incidence of type
I diabetes has not increased but shifted to a younger age at diagnosis in the
0-34 years group in Sweden 1983-1998. Diabetologia. 2002; 45(6):783-91.
28. Vehik K, Dabelea D. The changing epidemiology of type 1 diabetes: why is
it going through the roof? Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2011; 27(1):3-13.
29. Todd JA, Farrall M. Panning for gold: genome-wide scanning for linkage in
type 1 diabetes. Hum Mol Genet. 1996; 5(Suppl 1):1443-8.
30. Variation and trends in incidence of childhood diabetes in Europe.
EURODIAB ACE Study Group. Lancet. 2000; 355(9207):873-6.
31. Craig ME, Nair S, Stein H, Rawlinson WD. Viruses and type 1 diabetes: a
new look at an old story. Pediatr Diabetes. 2013; 14(3):149-58.
32. Akerblom HK, Vaarala O, Hyoty H, Ilonen J, Knip M. Environmental factors
in the etiology of type 1 diabetes. Am J Med Genet. 2002; 115(1):18-29.
33. Cardwell CR, Stene LC, Ludvigsson J, Rosenbauer J, Cinek O, Svensson J, et
al. Breast-feeding and childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a pooled analysis of
individual participant data from 43 observational studies. Diabetes Care.
2012; 35(11):2215-25.
34. Cardwell CR, Shields MD, Carson DJ, Patterson CC. A meta-analysis of the
association between childhood type 1 diabetes and atopic disease. Diabetes
Care. 2003; 26(9):2568-74.
35. Kaila B, Taback SP. The effect of day care exposure on the risk of developing
type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Diabetes Care. 2001;
24(8):1353-8.
36. Cardwell CR, Stene LC, Joner G, Bulsara MK, Cinek O, Rosenbauer J, et al.
Maternal age at birth and childhood type 1 diabetes: a pooled analysis of
30 observational studies. Diabetes. 2010; 59(2):486-94.
37. Cardwell CR, Stene LC, Joner G, Cinek O, Svensson J, Goldacre MJ, et al.
Caesarean section is associated with an increased risk of childhood-onset
type 1 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Diabetologia.
2008; 51(5):726-35.
38. Cardwell CR, Stene LC, Joner G, Bulsara MK, Cinek O, Rosenbauer J, et al.
Birth order and childhood type 1 diabetes risk: a pooled analysis of 31
observational studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2011; 40(2):363-74.
39. Raab J, Giannopoulou EZ, Schneider S, Warncke K, Krasmann M, Winkler
C, Ziegler AG. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pre-type 1 diabetes and
its association with disease progression. Diabetologia. 2014; 57(5):902-8.
40. Patterson CC, Dahlquist G, Soltesz G, Green A; EURODIAB ACE Study
Group. Europe and Diabetes. Is childhood-onset type I diabetes a wealth-
related disease? An ecological analysis of European incidence rates.
Diabetologia. 2001; 44(Suppl 3):B9-16.
41. Eisenbarth GS. Type I diabetes mellitus. A chronic autoimmune disease. N
Engl J Med. 1986; 314(21):1360-8.
42. In’t Veld P. Insulitis in human type 1 diabetes: a comparison between patients
and animal models. Semin Immunopathol. 2014; 36(5):569-79.
43. Atkinson MA. George S. Eisenbarth, 1947-2012. Diabetologia. 2013;
56(3):435-8.